{"id":12166,"date":"2025-04-22T10:00:54","date_gmt":"2025-04-22T07:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cse-net.org\/?p=12166"},"modified":"2025-04-16T15:49:00","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T12:49:00","slug":"eus-2040-climate-target","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cse-net.org\/fr\/eus-2040-climate-target\/","title":{"rendered":"Objectif climatique de l'UE pour 2040"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cr\u00e9dits carbone mondiaux - Un tournant strat\u00e9gique ou une retraite risqu\u00e9e ?<\/h2>\n

Alors que l'UE se rapproche de son objectif climatique pour 2040 - une r\u00e9duction de 90% des \u00e9missions par rapport aux niveaux de 1990 - un nouveau d\u00e9bat \u00e9merge : Faut-il autoriser les cr\u00e9dits carbone internationaux ?<\/p>\n

La Commission europ\u00e9enne envisage un changement de politique majeur. Elle pourrait autoriser les \u00c9tats membres \u00e0 utiliser des cr\u00e9dits carbone mondiaux pour compenser certaines \u00e9missions. Il s'agirait d'un changement important par rapport \u00e0 la politique climatique habituelle de l'UE, qui est exclusivement nationale.<\/p>\n

Un changement strat\u00e9gique sous pression<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la strat\u00e9gie climatique de l'UE a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finie par des actions internes. Syst\u00e8me d'\u00e9change de quotas d'\u00e9mission (ETS)<\/strong><\/a> Les r\u00e9formes de l'UE, les objectifs en mati\u00e8re d'\u00e9nergies renouvelables et les r\u00e9glementations strictes ont permis \u00e0 l'Union de se concentrer sur la r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de ses fronti\u00e8res. Mais face \u00e0 une r\u00e9sistance politique croissante, \u00e0 l'augmentation des co\u00fbts pour l'industrie et \u00e0 des priorit\u00e9s concurrentes telles que la d\u00e9fense et les tensions commerciales mondiales, la Commission europ\u00e9enne semble chercher une voie plus souple.<\/p>\n

Selon Wopke Hoekstra, commissaire europ\u00e9en en charge du climat, la r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de 90% reste le \"point de d\u00e9part\" des n\u00e9gociations. Cependant, des sources confirment que la Commission est en train d'\u00e9valuer si un objectif national l\u00e9g\u00e8rement r\u00e9duit - compl\u00e9t\u00e9 par des cr\u00e9dits carbone internationaux - pourrait toujours r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 l'ambition globale pour 2040.<\/p>\n

Cette double approche pourrait servir des objectifs multiples : offrir aux industries des options rentables, d\u00e9bloquer des financements climatiques vitaux pour le Sud et pr\u00e9server le consensus politique. Par exemple, les cr\u00e9dits carbone pourraient financer la restauration des for\u00eats au Br\u00e9sil ou des projets d'\u00e9nergie propre en Afrique subsaharienne.<\/p>\n

La promesse de l'article 6<\/strong><\/h3>\n

La proposition s'appuie sur l'article 6 de l'accord de Paris, qui \u00e9tablit un march\u00e9 mondial pour l'\u00e9change de droits d'\u00e9mission de carbone. En th\u00e9orie, les r\u00e9sultats d'att\u00e9nuation transf\u00e9r\u00e9s au niveau international (ITMO) pourraient r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions. Ils pourraient \u00e9galement aider les pays les plus pauvres \u00e0 financer le d\u00e9veloppement durable.<\/p>\n

De nouvelles garanties des Nations unies sont en cours d'\u00e9laboration. Il s'agit notamment de r\u00e8gles visant \u00e0 emp\u00eacher le double comptage et \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger l'int\u00e9grit\u00e9 de l'environnement. Les d\u00e9fenseurs des droits de l'homme affirment qu'il est temps de r\u00e9int\u00e9grer le march\u00e9 mondial du carbone de mani\u00e8re responsable. Des groupes de r\u00e9flexion comme l'ERCST affirment que les pays en d\u00e9veloppement veulent des financements pour lutter contre le changement climatique. Ils affirment que l'Union europ\u00e9enne pourrait jouer un r\u00f4le de premier plan dans la mise en place d'un syst\u00e8me de compensation cr\u00e9dible \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle mondiale.<\/p>\n

Une histoire qui hante<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mais les critiques avertissent que l'UE est peut-\u00eatre sur le point de r\u00e9p\u00e9ter les erreurs du pass\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Entre 2008 et 2020, l'UE a autoris\u00e9 l'utilisation de plus de 1,6 milliard de cr\u00e9dits carbone internationaux dans le cadre du SCEQE. Bon nombre de ces cr\u00e9dits, issus de m\u00e9canismes tels que le m\u00e9canisme de d\u00e9veloppement propre (MDP) du protocole de Kyoto, se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9s par la suite tr\u00e8s imparfaits, manquant de permanence, d'additionnalit\u00e9 ou m\u00eame de transparence \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire. R\u00e9sultat ? Manipulation du march\u00e9, effondrement des prix du carbone et ralentissement de l'action nationale en faveur du climat pendant pr\u00e8s d'une d\u00e9cennie.<\/p>\n

En 2013, l'UE a totalement banni les cr\u00e9dits internationaux de son syst\u00e8me d'\u00e9change de quotas d'\u00e9mission, en invoquant la fraude, le manque d'int\u00e9grit\u00e9 environnementale et une baisse spectaculaire de l'efficacit\u00e9. Des critiques comme Linda Kalcher de Strategic Perspectives craignent que l'UE n'oublie les dures le\u00e7ons de cette p\u00e9riode.<\/p>\n

\"La liste des scandales li\u00e9s aux cr\u00e9dits internationaux est longue\", pr\u00e9vient-elle. \"Fraude, manque d'int\u00e9grit\u00e9 environnementale et effondrement brutal du prix du CO\u2082 dans l'UE.\"<\/p>\n

La riposte scientifique<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Au-del\u00e0 de la controverse politique, les experts scientifiques ont \u00e9galement pris position. Le Conseil consultatif scientifique europ\u00e9en sur le changement climatique (ESABCC) recommande une r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de 90 \u00e0 95% d'ici \u00e0 2040 gr\u00e2ce aux seules r\u00e9ductions nationales, et avertit que les compensations et les absorptions ne doivent pas se substituer \u00e0 des r\u00e9ductions d'\u00e9missions r\u00e9elles et v\u00e9rifiables.<\/p>\n

Des groupes de d\u00e9fense de l'environnement tels que Carbon Market Watch ont qualifi\u00e9 cette d\u00e9cision potentielle de \"retard dangereux\" dans l'action climatique urgente. Selon eux, autoriser des compensations internationales bon march\u00e9 risque d'affaiblir l'ambition climatique de l'UE, de retarder l'innovation et de d\u00e9courager les investissements dans les technologies propres et les emplois verts en Europe.<\/p>\n

D\u00e9m\u00e9nagements et r\u00e9ductions : Un faux compromis ?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Le d\u00e9bat porte \u00e9galement sur la d\u00e9pendance croissante de l'UE \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de l'absorption du carbone, que ce soit par le biais de puits naturels ou de technologies \u00e9mergentes. Toutefois, compte tenu de la diminution du puits de carbone terrestre de l'UE et des incertitudes majeures quant \u00e0 l'extensibilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9thodes d'absorption telles que la bio\u00e9nergie avec captage et stockage du carbone (BECCS), les experts mettent en garde contre le risque de compter trop fortement sur ces solutions pour atteindre les objectifs nets.<\/p>\n

Au contraire, beaucoup demandent \u00e0 la Commission de fixer des objectifs clairs et distincts : un pour les r\u00e9ductions d'\u00e9missions brutes, un autre pour le pi\u00e9geage terrestre et un troisi\u00e8me pour les absorptions permanentes, afin de garantir la responsabilit\u00e9 et la clart\u00e9 de la mani\u00e8re dont l'Europe respecte son engagement en faveur d'une \u00e9mission nette z\u00e9ro.<\/p>\n

Le chemin \u00e0 parcourir<\/strong><\/h4>\n

La Commission europ\u00e9enne devrait publier sa proposition officielle sur le climat 2040 avant l'\u00e9t\u00e9. Toute d\u00e9cision finale n\u00e9cessitera le soutien du Parlement europ\u00e9en et des 27 \u00c9tats membres. Avec les \u00e9lections qui se profilent \u00e0 l'horizon et les lignes de fracture politiques qui se creusent, le dossier du climat est sur le point de devenir l'une des questions les plus controvers\u00e9es de l'UE en 2025.<\/p>\n

L'enjeu est plus qu'un simple objectif. Il s'agit d'un test de la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 de l'UE en mati\u00e8re de climat. L'Union europ\u00e9enne conservera-t-elle le r\u00f4le de chef de file qu'elle a durement acquis en mati\u00e8re d'action climatique ? Ou va-t-elle troquer l'ambition contre la flexibilit\u00e9, au p\u00e9ril de l'int\u00e9grit\u00e9 environnementale et de la confiance mondiale ?<\/p>\n

Selon les termes de Carbon Market Watch : \"La plan\u00e8te ne peut pas se permettre que l'UE se retire de son r\u00f4le de leader en mati\u00e8re de climat \u00e0 un moment o\u00f9 d'autres parties du monde font marche arri\u00e8re.<\/em><\/p>\n

Participez \u00e0 notre prochaine Europe - Programme de praticiens certifi\u00e9s en mati\u00e8re de durabilit\u00e9 (ESG), \u00e9dition avanc\u00e9e 2025<\/a>, <\/strong>les 25, 26 et 27 juin pour rester inform\u00e9 sur l'\u00e9volution des politiques climatiques, comme le passage potentiel de l'UE \u00e0 des cr\u00e9dits carbone internationaux, qui pourrait remodeler les strat\u00e9gies mondiales de d\u00e9veloppement durable.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Global Carbon Credits\u2014A Strategic Pivot or a Risky Retreat? As the EU moves toward its 2040 climate goal\u2014a 90% cut in emissions from 1990 levels\u2014a new debate is emerging: Should international carbon credits be allowed? The European Commission is considering a major policy shift. It may let member states use global carbon credits to offset […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":12167,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1835,1844,1901,1926,1927,2006,28,33,34,35,1283,1286,1414,1594,1778,1834],"tags":[56,88,221,531,612,1163,1184,1511,2007,2008,2009],"class_list":["post-12166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-united-kingdom","category-green-skills","category-csrd","category-esrs","category-csddd","category-responsible-corporate-communication","category-news","category-corporate-sustainability","category-sustainability","category-sustainability-training","category-sustainability-reporting-services","category-strategies-with-an-impact","category-esg-reporting","category-esg-investment","category-europe","category-uk","tag-corporate-sustainability","tag-esg-ratings","tag-sustainability-training","tag-corporate-responsibility-and-corporate-communications","tag-esg-strategy","tag-csrd","tag-esg-standards","tag-csddd","tag-guide","tag-regulatory-changes","tag-emissions-trading-system"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEU\u2019s 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